Analyzing "On Being Brought from Africa to America": An In-Depth Exploration
The poem "On Being Brought from Africa to America" by Phillis Wheatley, one of the most renowned African American poets of the 18th century, offers a profound reflection on themes of race, religion, and identity. Written during a period when slavery was pervasive, Wheatley's work provides a nuanced perspective that challenges stereotypes and invites readers to reconsider assumptions about race and faith. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the poem, exploring its historical context, thematic elements, literary devices, and overall significance in American literature.
Historical Context of the Poem
Understanding the background of Wheatley's poem is essential for grasping its depth. Born around 1753 in West Africa, likely Senegal or The Gambia, Wheatley was kidnapped and brought to America as a child slave. She was owned by the Wheatley family of Boston, who recognized her intellectual potential and provided her with an education uncommon for African Americans at the time.
During Wheatley's lifetime, slavery was institutionalized across the American colonies, and racial prejudices were deeply embedded in society. Despite these circumstances, Wheatley's poetry gained recognition for its eloquence and classical influences. Her work often navigates complex themes, including Christianity, race, and human dignity, making her a pioneering figure in American literature.
Overview of "On Being Brought from Africa to America"
Published in 1773, "On Being Brought from Africa to America" is a relatively short poem that encapsulates Wheatley's reflections on her journey from her homeland to a new world. The poem begins with a declaration of her origins and quickly transitions into a religious and philosophical meditation.
The poem's primary purpose is to address the reader's possible misconceptions about Africans and to emphasize the universality of Christian salvation. Wheatley seeks to challenge racial stereotypes and to affirm her faith, despite her status as a former slave.
Structural and Literary Analysis
Form and Style
The poem employs a traditional 14-line sonnet form, which was popular among poets of the Enlightenment and classical traditions. Wheatley's mastery of this form demonstrates her literary sophistication and aligns her work with established poetic conventions, lending authority to her voice.
The language is formal and elegant, characterized by a rhythmic flow that enhances its contemplative tone. Wheatley's use of rhyme schemes (typically ABABCDCDEFEFGG in sonnets) creates a harmonious structure that underscores her message.
Literary Devices
Wheatley's poem is rich with literary devices that enhance its thematic depth:
- Irony: The poem's opening lines suggest that being brought from Africa to America was a spiritual awakening, which contrasts with the brutal reality of slavery. This irony underscores her resilience and faith.
- Allusion: References to Christian doctrine and biblical figures are prevalent, situating her personal experience within a religious framework.
- Juxtaposition: The contrast between her "sable race" and the "heavenly race" emphasizes the potential for spiritual equality beyond racial distinctions.
- Metaphor: Wheatley metaphorically describes her journey as a divine act, implying that her presence in America is part of a divine plan.
Thematic Elements of the Poem
Religion and Salvation
A central theme of the poem is the transformative power of Christianity. Wheatley asserts that her faith grants her hope and dignity, regardless of her racial origins. She writes:
> "Remember, Christians, negroes, black as Cain,
> May be refined, and join th' angelic train."
This line highlights the belief in spiritual redemption for all, challenging the racial prejudices of her time.
Racial Identity and Stereotypes
While acknowledging her African heritage, Wheatley subtly rebuffs stereotypes that associate Blackness with inferiority. Her tone suggests pride in her identity and faith in her spiritual equality with whites. The poem emphasizes that moral and spiritual virtues are not determined by race.
Gratitude and Reflection
Wheatley's tone is also one of gratitude for her salvation and her life in America. She recognizes her journey as a divine blessing, and her poetry serves as a reflection on her faith and experiences.
Interpretations and Significance
Challenging Racial Prejudice
At a time when slavery dehumanized Africans and justified racial hierarchies, Wheatley's poem subtly challenges these notions. By asserting that salvation and virtue are accessible to all, regardless of race, she advocates for a more inclusive understanding of morality and spirituality.
Religious Affirmation and Personal Identity
The poem also functions as a personal affirmation of faith. Wheatley uses her own experience as evidence that Christianity elevates and unites all people. Her work exemplifies how religion can serve as a source of empowerment and resilience.
Literary Milestone
As one of the first published works by an African American woman, the poem holds historical significance. It demonstrates the intellectual capabilities of enslaved individuals and contributes to the broader narrative of African American contributions to American culture and literature.
Critical Reception and Legacy
Wheatley's "On Being Brought from Africa to America" has been widely studied and discussed. Critics have examined its subtle subversion of racial stereotypes, its religious themes, and its poetic craftsmanship. Some interpret the poem as an optimistic assertion of faith and equality, while others see it as a nuanced commentary on the complexities of race and identity.
Her legacy endures as a pioneering voice that challenged societal norms and opened pathways for future generations of African American writers and poets.
Conclusion
"On Being Brought from Africa to America" by Phillis Wheatley is a compelling piece of poetry that combines classical form with profound social and spiritual commentary. Through her eloquent language and thoughtful themes, Wheatley addresses issues of race, religion, and identity that remain relevant today. Her work not only reflects her personal experiences but also serves as a testament to the resilience of the human spirit and the transformative power of faith. As a foundational work in African American literature, it continues to inspire discussions about equality, faith, and the enduring pursuit of dignity and recognition for marginalized voices.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the central theme of Phillis Wheatley's poem 'On Being Brought from Africa to America'?
The poem explores themes of religious salvation, racial identity, and the possibility of spiritual equality, highlighting Wheatley's belief in Christianity as a unifying force despite racial differences.
How does Wheatley's tone in 'On Being Brought from Africa to America' reflect her attitude towards her own racial identity?
Wheatley's tone is both reverent and hopeful, acknowledging the hardships of her past while emphasizing the power of faith and the potential for spiritual salvation beyond racial boundaries.
In what ways does 'On Being Brought from Africa to America' challenge or conform to the stereotypes of the time?
The poem challenges stereotypes by asserting that Africans and African Americans are equally capable of salvation and virtue through Christianity, countering prevalent racist notions of racial inferiority.
What literary devices does Wheatley employ in 'On Being Brought from Africa to America' to convey her message?
Wheatley uses irony, religious imagery, and diction that emphasizes humility and hope to reinforce her message of spiritual equality and the transformative power of faith.
How does Wheatley's personal background influence the perspective presented in 'On Being Brought from Africa to America'?
As an enslaved woman and a Christian poet, Wheatley's background informs her emphasis on faith and salvation, highlighting her belief in spiritual equality and the possibility of redemption despite her social circumstances.
Why is 'On Being Brought from Africa to America' considered a significant work in African American literature?
The poem is significant because it offers a nuanced perspective on race, religion, and identity during a time of widespread racial prejudice, showcasing Wheatley's intellectual resilience and contributing to early African American literary expression.
