Understanding the landscape of Britain has been a journey marked by meticulous mapping and detailed survey work. Among the most treasured resources for historians, genealogists, hikers, and enthusiasts alike are old ordnance survey maps. These maps serve as invaluable snapshots of Britain’s geographical and cultural evolution, capturing everything from ancient footpaths to industrial sites. In this article, we delve into the rich history, significance, and ways to access and utilize these historic maps.
What Are Old Ordnance Survey Maps?
Definition and Purpose
Old ordnance survey maps are detailed topographical representations created by the Ordnance Survey, the national mapping agency of Great Britain. They document the landscape, settlements, natural features, and man-made structures at various points in history. These maps were initially produced for military, administrative, and civil planning purposes but have since become essential tools for historical research and outdoor activities.
Historical Context
The Ordnance Survey began in 1791 amidst fears of invasion during the Napoleonic Wars. The earliest maps aimed to improve defensive strategies but quickly expanded into comprehensive surveys of the entire country. Over the centuries, these maps have evolved in detail and accuracy, reflecting technological advancements like triangulation, aerial photography, and digital cartography.
The Evolution of Ordnance Survey Maps
Key Milestones in Mapping History
- First Survey (1791-1805): Focused on southern England with the production of the first detailed maps.
- The One-Inch to the Mile Series (1800s): Standardized maps covering the entire country with a scale of 1 inch to 1 mile.
- Six-Inch to the Mile Series (1840s-1880s): Increased detail with 6-inch sheets for urban and rural areas.
- Popular Edition (1890s-1900s): Enhanced clarity and updated features.
- Ordnance Survey Six-Inch and 25-Inch Maps (1880s-1930s): Provided more detailed views of local areas.
- Digital Transition (2000s): Shifted towards digitized and GIS-compatible formats.
Types of Old Ordnance Survey Maps
- First Edition Maps: The earliest available, often hand-drawn and highly detailed.
- Revised Editions: Updated with new features, roads, and settlements.
- Historical Maps: Reflecting specific periods, such as pre-Industrial Revolution or wartime Britain.
- Special Series: Including military maps, estate maps, and thematic maps.
Why Are Old Ordnance Survey Maps Important?
Cultural and Historical Significance
Old OS maps are windows into Britain’s past, revealing how communities, industries, and landscapes have transformed over centuries. They show historic land use, settlement patterns, and the development of infrastructure.
Research and Genealogy
For genealogists, these maps help trace ancestors' residences, landholdings, and local environments. They can uncover details like old footpaths, farm boundaries, and property layouts that no longer exist.
Outdoor Recreation and Navigation
Hikers and outdoor enthusiasts use old maps to discover historical routes, footpaths, and landmarks that have been altered or removed in modern editions.
Preservation and Conservation
Conservationists refer to old maps to understand landscape changes, plan preservations, and document environmental shifts.
Accessing Old Ordnance Survey Maps
Online Digital Collections
Many institutions have digitized old OS maps, making them accessible to the public:
- National Library of Scotland: Offers a vast collection of historic maps, including OS sheets, available for free online.
- British Library: Provides access to various historical maps, including OS editions.
- OldMapsOnline: A gateway to various collections from different countries, including Britain.
- GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ): Provides historical GIS data.
Physical Copies and Reprints
Collectors and researchers can purchase original or reprinted maps through:
- Ordnance Survey Shop: Offers reproductions of past editions.
- Historical Map Dealers: Specialists in rare and vintage maps.
- Libraries and Archives: Many local and national repositories hold collections available for viewing and copying.
Specialist Archives and Societies
- The Old Ordnance Survey Maps Society: Focuses on collecting, preserving, and sharing old OS maps.
- Local History Societies: Often hold collections of regional maps.
How to Use Old OS Maps Effectively
Deciphering Map Features
Understanding symbols, scales, and annotations is crucial:
- Legend Key: Explains symbols for features like churches, mills, railways.
- Scale: Helps estimate distances; common scales include 1 inch to 1 mile or 6 inches to 1 mile.
- Grid References: For pinpointing specific locations.
Comparative Analysis
Compare maps from different periods to observe landscape changes:
- Changes in land use (farmland to urban areas)
- Evolution of transportation routes (roads, railways)
- Development of settlements and infrastructure
Practical Tips for Researchers
- Cross-reference with modern maps for current context.
- Use GIS tools to overlay old maps onto digital mapping platforms.
- Consult local archives for supplementary historical records.
Preservation and Conservation of Old Maps
Handling and Storage
- Use acid-free folders and boxes.
- Keep maps flat and away from direct sunlight.
- Avoid excessive handling; use gloves if necessary.
Digitization for Longevity
- Scanning maps at high resolution ensures preservation.
- Digital copies facilitate sharing and reduce physical wear.
Conclusion: Embracing Britain’s Cartographic Heritage
Old ordnance survey maps are more than mere paper; they are chronicles of Britain’s evolving landscape, culture, and history. Whether you are a historian piecing together the past, a hiker seeking ancient routes, or a conservationist monitoring environmental change, these maps provide invaluable insights. With the advent of digital technology and increasing access to archives, exploring Britain’s cartographic heritage has never been easier or more rewarding. Embrace these historic maps to deepen your understanding of the country’s rich and diverse landscape — a journey through time etched in ink and paper.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are old Ordnance Survey maps and why are they important?
Old Ordnance Survey maps are historical maps produced by the UK's national mapping agency, showcasing geographical features and place names from past centuries. They are important for historical research, property boundary verification, genealogical studies, and understanding landscape changes over time.
Where can I access or view old Ordnance Survey maps online?
You can access old Ordnance Survey maps through official platforms like the National Library of Scotland's online map archive, the Ordnance Survey's own historical map collections, or other digital archives that host scanned versions of these maps.
How can I use old OS maps for genealogy research?
Old OS maps help identify historical property boundaries, land use, and settlement patterns, providing context for ancestors' residences and landholdings. Comparing maps from different periods can reveal changes in the landscape and infrastructure over generations.
Are old Ordnance Survey maps accurate for modern navigation?
No, old OS maps are not suitable for modern navigation due to outdated features and inaccuracies. They are primarily valuable for historical and research purposes rather than current navigation.
What is the difference between old OS Landranger and Explorer maps?
Both are series of Ordnance Survey maps, with Landranger maps at a 1:50,000 scale suitable for general navigation and leisure, and Explorer maps at a 1:25,000 scale offering more detailed topographical information. Old editions of these maps can be valuable for historical comparison.
How can I identify the date or period of an old OS map?
Old OS maps typically have a publication date printed on the map itself, or you can identify the period by examining features like place names, road layouts, and geographic details that have changed over time. Comparing with known historical records can also help date the maps.
Can I purchase or buy reproductions of old OS maps for personal use?
Yes, various companies and archives offer reproductions or high-quality prints of old OS maps. The Ordnance Survey and other map specialists provide options for collectors, researchers, and enthusiasts.
What is the best way to digitize and archive old OS maps?
The best way is to scan the maps at high resolution using a flatbed scanner, then store the digital files with proper metadata. Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software can also help georeference and analyze the maps digitally.
Are there any legal restrictions on using old Ordnance Survey maps?
While historical OS maps are generally in the public domain or available for personal use, commercial use or reproduction may require licensing or permission from the Ordnance Survey or rights holders. Always check the usage rights before reproducing or distributing the maps.
