Understanding the Phrase "Four Score and Ten"
Four score and ten is a historical phrase that holds significant cultural and linguistic importance, especially in the context of American history and literature. This expression, rooted in the English language, is often associated with Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, where it is used to denote a period of 87 years. To fully appreciate the meaning and significance of this phrase, it’s essential to explore its origins, historical context, and how it has been used throughout history.
Origins of the Phrase "Four Score and Ten"
What Does "Four Score and Ten" Mean?
The phrase "four score and ten" is an archaic way of expressing a specific number of years. Here's a breakdown:
- Score: An old English term meaning 20.
- Four score: 4 times 20 = 80.
- And ten: 10.
Therefore, "four score and ten" translates to 80 + 10 = 90 years. However, in historical contexts, it is often used to denote 87 years, as in Abraham Lincoln’s famous speech where he refers to "a century and seven years," meaning 87 years (100 - 13), but more accurately, the phrase is associated with 87 years as a poetic way to describe a long period.
Historical Usage in Literature and Speech
Originally, the phrase was part of the Old English and Middle English lexicon, frequently used in poetic and formal contexts to describe long spans of time. It appeared in various literary works and legal documents as a way to quantify age or duration poetically.
The Significance of "Four Score and Ten" in American History
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
The most famous usage of "four score and ten" occurs in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, delivered on November 19, 1863, during the American Civil War. Lincoln began his speech with the words:
"Four score and seven years ago..."
This phrase refers to the founding of the United States 87 years prior, i.e., 1776 (the Declaration of Independence) plus 87 years, which brings us to the year 1863. Lincoln’s use of this phrase served to evoke the long history of American independence and to honor the founding fathers and the sacrifices made during the Civil War.
The Cultural Impact of Lincoln’s Use
Lincoln’s choice of words helped to craft a narrative of patriotism, resilience, and national unity. By referencing "four score and ten," he connected the contemporary struggles of the Civil War with the enduring legacy of the nation’s founding principles. This phrase has since become synonymous with American history and the reverence for its founding ideals.
Other Notable Uses and Variations
In Literature and Speeches
Beyond Lincoln, "four score and ten" has appeared in various literary works, speeches, and poetic compositions. Its poetic and formal tone makes it a popular choice for emphasizing the grandeur or antiquity of a subject.
In Popular Culture
- Historical documentaries often reference the phrase when discussing the 19th century.
- It appears in films and novels set in or referencing the Civil War era.
- Some modern writers use the phrase deliberately to evoke a sense of tradition or antiquity.
Modern Interpretation and Usage
How Do People Use the Phrase Today?
Today, "four score and ten" is primarily used in historical or literary contexts. It is rarely used in everyday conversation but remains a powerful phrase in speeches, writings, and discussions about American history. When used, it often aims to evoke a sense of reverence or to emphasize the long span of time involved in historical narratives.
Symbolism and Significance
- Represents a long passage of time, often associated with aging or historical periods.
- Evokes a sense of tradition, heritage, and legacy.
- Serves as a poetic device that elevates the tone of speeches or writings.
Related Phrases and Their Meanings
Understanding "Score" in Historical Context
The term "score" as a unit of measure dates back centuries, especially in poetic and formal language. Its usage signifies:
- 20 units (as in "three score" = 60).
- Commonly used in historical texts and speeches to denote large numbers.
Other Numerical Phrases in English
English language has a rich tradition of using poetic or archaic expressions to denote numbers, such as:
- "A hundred years" – often used to signify a century.
- "A dozen" – 12 units.
- "A score" – 20 units.
Conclusion: The Enduring Legacy of "Four Score and Ten"
The phrase "four score and ten" embodies a poetic way of expressing a long span of time, rooted in antiquated linguistic traditions. Its most prominent modern association is with Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, where it helped to emphasize the historical significance of the American founding and the sacrifices made for the nation’s unity.
Though rarely used in everyday language today, its cultural resonance continues in American history, literature, and rhetoric. It serves as a testament to the power of language to evoke emotion, tradition, and reverence for the past. Understanding this phrase enriches our appreciation for historical speeches and the way language shapes collective memory.
Whether referenced in speeches, literature, or historical discussions, "four score and ten" remains a potent symbol of endurance, legacy, and the passage of time. Recognizing its origins and significance helps us connect more deeply with the stories of the past and the enduring values they embody.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does the phrase 'four score and ten' mean?
'Four score and ten' is an old-fashioned way of saying 90 years, since a 'score' equals 20, so four score is 80, plus ten makes 90.
In which famous speech is the phrase 'four score and ten' used?
It appears in Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, where he begins with 'Four score and seven years ago...' to refer to 87 years since the Declaration of Independence.
Why did Lincoln use 'four score and ten' instead of simply saying 90?
Using 'four score and ten' was a poetic and rhythmic way of speaking in the 19th century, emphasizing formality and oratorical style.
How does the phrase 'four score and ten' relate to historical time periods?
It was often used in historical or literary contexts to evoke an archaic or formal tone, especially when referring to long spans of time.
Is 'four score and ten' still used in modern language?
No, it is largely obsolete today, but it is still recognized due to its historical and literary significance, especially in reference to Lincoln's speeches.
What is the significance of the number 90 in historical texts?
90 years, as expressed in 'four score and ten,' often symbolizes a long lifespan or the passage of a significant amount of time.
Can 'four score and ten' be used metaphorically today?
While uncommon, it can be used metaphorically to evoke a sense of antiquity, tradition, or to emphasize something very old or longstanding.
Are there other phrases similar to 'four score and ten' that use 'score'?
Yes, for example, 'three score and ten' means 70, and 'five score' means 100; these phrases were common in older English for expressing numbers.
How has the interpretation of 'four score and ten' influenced modern language or culture?
It has contributed to the poetic and formal tone in historical speeches and literature, and remains a symbol of the language style of the 19th century.
