Introduction to Bartleby the Scrivener
"Bartleby the Scrivener" is a renowned short story by Herman Melville, first published in 1853. This literary work has captivated readers and critics alike due to its profound themes, unique narrative style, and exploration of human nature. The story is set in a law office on Wall Street and revolves around the mysterious character of Bartleby, whose peculiar behavior and philosophical outlook challenge conventional notions of work, morality, and society. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the story, highlighting its key themes, characters, and significance in American literature.
Overview of the Story
The narrative is presented from the perspective of an unnamed narrator, who is a middle-aged lawyer running a small law practice. The lawyer is described as a modest, compassionate individual who values his work and the stability of his office environment. The story unfolds as he hires various scriveners—clerk-like workers—to assist with the increasing workload, eventually settling on a peculiar new employee named Bartleby.
Setting and Context
The story is set in a modest office on Wall Street in New York City during the mid-19th century, a bustling financial hub. The setting reflects the capitalist era, emphasizing themes of labor, efficiency, and the impersonality of urban life. The office environment is typical of the period, with the lawyer’s small, cluttered workspace serving as a microcosm of society.
Key Characters
The Narrator (The Lawyer)
- The story's protagonist and narrator
- A lawyer who values his work and colleagues
- Represents societal norms and conventional morality
Bartleby
- The central character of the story
- Employed as a scrivener in the law office
- Exhibits peculiar behavior and philosophical detachment
- Famous for his recurring phrase: "I would prefer not to"
Other Scriveners
- Nippers and Turkey, who work alongside Bartleby
- Represent different facets of human nature and work ethic
Plot Summary
Introduction to the Law Office and Its Employees
The story begins with the narrator describing his law office and the scriveners he employs. Nippers, a young man with irritable tendencies, and Turkey, an older, jovial clerk, are introduced as part of the typical workforce. The narrator takes pride in his small, efficient office and values his employees' contributions.
Bartleby’s Arrival and Initial Impressions
Bartleby is hired as a copyist after impressing the narrator with his quiet demeanor and meticulous work. Initially, he is an exemplary employee, completing tasks efficiently. The narrator notes his pale, passive appearance and reserved nature.
Bartleby’s Increasing Detachment
Over time, Bartleby begins to refuse certain tasks with the simple statement, "I would prefer not to." His refusals become more frequent, and he eventually refuses to copy any documents at all. Despite this, he continues to work on some days, showing a passive resistance to the work environment.
Descent into Isolation
Bartleby’s behavior becomes more enigmatic. He prefers not to leave the office, even when asked to do so. He eventually stops working entirely, and the narrator tries to understand his motives, but Bartleby remains aloof and indifferent.
Confrontation and Removal
The narrator, attempting to help, offers to find Bartleby other employment, but he refuses. When the office is forced to close temporarily, Bartleby refuses to vacate the premises. The narrator, feeling pity and frustration, moves out and leaves him in the office.
Bartleby’s Fate and Final Days
Bartleby is later imprisoned for vagrancy after refusing to leave the building. While in prison, he refuses food and eventually dies of starvation. The narrator visits him in prison and reflects on his mysterious character and the moral questions he raises.
Themes Explored in Bartleby the Scrivener
Alienation and Modern Industrial Society
The story vividly depicts the alienation workers feel in a mechanized, impersonal society. Bartleby’s passive resistance symbolizes a disconnect from the monotonous labor and societal expectations.
Individuality and Conformity
Bartleby’s phrase, "I would prefer not to," underscores his refusal to conform to societal or workplace demands. His stance challenges the conformity expected in capitalist society.
Compassion and Moral Dilemmas
The narrator’s empathy for Bartleby raises questions about moral responsibility. Despite his attempts to help, societal indifference ultimately contributes to Bartleby’s tragic end.
The Nature of Work and Human Value
The story questions the value placed on work and productivity. Bartleby’s passive refusal to work prompts reflection on the dehumanizing aspects of labor.
Significance and Literary Analysis
Symbolism of Bartleby
Bartleby is often interpreted as a symbol of passive resistance, the dehumanization of workers, or the existential human condition. His enigmatic nature invites multiple interpretations about society and individual agency.
Narrative Style and Tone
Melville employs a straightforward, almost clinical narrative tone that contrasts with the profound themes explored. The story’s minimalist style emphasizes the starkness of Bartleby’s character and the moral dilemmas faced.
Impact on Literature
"Bartleby the Scrivener" is considered a classic of American literature, influential in themes of existentialism and social criticism. Its portrayal of passive resistance and alienation has inspired numerous interpretations and adaptations.
Conclusion
"Bartleby the Scrivener" remains a compelling exploration of individualism, societal expectations, and the human condition. The story’s enduring relevance lies in its ability to provoke reflection on the nature of work, morality, and societal responsibility. Herman Melville’s masterful storytelling and complex characters continue to resonate with readers, making it a quintessential piece of American literary heritage.
Whether viewed as a critique of capitalism, an existential allegory, or a poignant portrait of alienation, "Bartleby the Scrivener" challenges us to consider the value of compassion and the consequences of societal indifference. Its summary offers merely a glimpse into its layered themes, inviting readers to delve deeper into its profound moral and philosophical questions.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the main plot of 'Bartleby the Scrivener'?
The story follows a reclusive law copyist named Bartleby, who gradually refuses to perform his duties, famously replying 'I would prefer not to,' leading to his eventual downfall and the moral dilemmas faced by his employer.
Who is the narrator in 'Bartleby the Scrivener' and what is his role?
The narrator is a Wall Street lawyer who employs Bartleby and observes his strange behavior, serving as a sympathetic and reflective voice in the story.
What themes are explored in 'Bartleby the Scrivener'?
The story explores themes such as isolation, the dehumanizing effects of capitalism, moral indifference, and the limits of empathy.
Why does Bartleby refuse to work in the story?
Bartleby repeatedly states 'I would prefer not to,' which symbolizes his passive resistance and possible protest against the monotonous and oppressive work environment, though his true motives remain ambiguous.
How does the lawyer respond to Bartleby's refusals?
Initially, the lawyer tries to understand and accommodate Bartleby, but as his refusals persist, he becomes frustrated and eventually isolates him, highlighting themes of moral helplessness.
What is the significance of the story's ending?
The ending, where Bartleby is imprisoned and dies in prison, underscores the tragic consequences of societal neglect and the inability of individuals to escape systemic indifference.
How does Herman Melville use symbolism in 'Bartleby the Scrivener'?
Melville uses symbols like Bartleby's phrase 'I would prefer not to' to represent passive resistance, and the office setting to symbolize the dehumanizing effects of modern work environments.
Why is 'Bartleby the Scrivener' considered a classic of American literature?
Because it offers a profound critique of capitalism and modern society through its subtle narrative, complex themes, and the enigmatic character of Bartleby, making it a timeless exploration of human alienation.
