The poem "Composed upon Westminster Bridge" by William Wordsworth is a timeless ode that captures the profound beauty and serenity of London at dawn. This iconic sonnet is celebrated for its vivid imagery, emotional depth, and the way it elevates the mundane cityscape into a divine spectacle. In this article, we will explore the themes, structure, poetic devices, and historical context of this masterpiece to understand why it remains one of Wordsworth’s most cherished works.
Introduction to "Composed upon Westminster Bridge"
William Wordsworth, a leading figure of the Romantic movement, often sought inspiration from nature and the sublime. Although he is primarily known for his rural poetry, his sonnet "Composed upon Westminster Bridge" demonstrates his ability to find beauty in urban landscapes. Written in 1802 and published in 1803, the poem is a reflection on the majestic view of London early in the morning, emphasizing the harmony between human creation and natural beauty.
Themes and Significance of the Poem
1. The Beauty of Nature and Urban Landscapes
While Wordsworth is renowned for celebrating the natural world, in this poem, he elevates the cityscape as a form of natural beauty. The early morning light transforms London into a scene of tranquility and splendor, blurring the lines between man-made structures and nature.
2. Transcendental Appreciation
The poem embodies the Romantic ideal of experiencing the sublime—the awe-inspiring beauty that elevates the human spirit. Wordsworth’s admiration for London’s morning scenery suggests that profound beauty exists even within urban environments, challenging the notion that only untouched nature offers spiritual fulfillment.
3. The Power of a Moment
The sonnet captures a fleeting moment—the quiet, peaceful dawn—highlighting the importance of appreciating transient beauty. Wordsworth’s vivid imagery invites readers to pause and reflect on the serenity surrounding them.
Structure and Form of "Composed upon Westminster Bridge"
1. Sonnet Form
The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet, consisting of 14 lines divided into an octave and a sestet. This structure allows Wordsworth to present a central idea and then develop or contrast it in the subsequent lines.
2. Rhyme Scheme and Meter
The sonnet follows an ABBAABBA rhyme scheme in the octave, with the sestet varying slightly in rhyme. The poem is written in iambic pentameter, giving it a rhythmic and melodic flow that mirrors the calmness of the scene described.
3. Volta (Turn)
Traditionally, sonnets feature a volta—a turn in thought or perspective—around the ninth line. In this poem, the volta occurs after the octave, where Wordsworth shifts from describing the city to expressing his personal feelings and admiration.
Poetic Devices and Literary Techniques
1. Imagery
Wordsworth employs powerful visual imagery to depict London at dawn:
- "Earth has not anything to show more fair."
- "Silent, bare, ships, towers, domes, and temples."
These images evoke a sense of peace and grandeur.
2. Personification
The city is personified as a living entity capable of beauty and grandeur:
- "The beauty of the morning"
- "The city now doth, like a garment, wear / The beauty of the morning."
3. Hyperbole
Exaggeration emphasizes the scene’s magnificence:
- "Never did sun more beautifully steep / In his first splendor, valley, or hill."
This hyperbole reflects the poet’s awe.
4. Alliteration and Assonance
The use of sound devices enhances the musical quality:
- "Ships, towers, domes, and temples" (alliteration)
- "The city now doth, like a garment, wear" (assonance)
Analysis of Key Lines and Their Significance
"Earth has not anything to show more fair"
This opening line sets an exalted tone, suggesting that the view from Westminster Bridge surpasses all other scenes of natural or urban beauty, emphasizing the uniqueness of the moment.
"Never did sun more beautifully steep / In his first splendor, valley, or hill"
Here, Wordsworth compares the sunrise’s golden light to a divine blessing, illuminating the city with a natural glow that elevates its aesthetic appeal.
"This city now doth, like a garment, wear / The beauty of the morning."
The personification and metaphor depict the city as adorned with natural beauty, suggesting harmony between human creations and nature's splendor.
Historical and Personal Context
In 1802, London was transforming rapidly due to industrialization, yet Wordsworth’s poem captures a serene moment early in the day, away from the hustle and bustle. The poem reflects his Romantic belief in the restorative power of nature and beauty, even within urban environments.
William Wordsworth was known for his deep connection to nature, often seeking spiritual fulfillment in natural scenes. This sonnet reveals his ability to see divine beauty in the man-made world, highlighting a shift in Romantic poetry towards finding the sublime in everyday life.
Impact and Legacy of "Composed upon Westminster Bridge"
This sonnet remains one of Wordsworth’s most popular works due to its vivid imagery and emotional resonance. It challenges readers to see beauty in their surroundings and appreciate transient moments of serenity amidst everyday life.
The poem has influenced countless poets and writers who explore urban landscapes and the sublime. It also underscores the Romantic ideal that profound beauty can be found anywhere, not just in remote wilderness.
Conclusion
The "Composed upon Westminster Bridge" poem is a masterful celebration of the harmony between nature and human achievement. Through its structured sonnet form, evocative imagery, and expressive language, Wordsworth invites readers to pause and marvel at the quiet splendor of London at dawn. It remains a testament to the Romantic belief in the divine presence within the world around us and encourages a deeper appreciation for the beauty that surrounds us every day. Whether viewed as a tribute to urban serenity or a philosophical reflection on the sublime, this poem continues to inspire and resonate with audiences worldwide.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the main theme of 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge'?
The poem celebrates the beauty of London at dawn, emphasizing the city's calm, majestic, and picturesque qualities before the hustle begins.
Who is the poet of 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge'?
William Wordsworth is the poet who wrote 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge'.
When was 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge' written?
The poem was composed in 1802, during Wordsworth's visit to London.
What is the significance of the morning setting in the poem?
The morning setting highlights the tranquility and beauty of London, capturing a moment of peacefulness before the city's daily activity begins.
How does Wordsworth describe the city in 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge'?
He describes London as a 'mighty heart' and emphasizes its grandeur, serenity, and harmony with nature during the early morning.
What literary devices are prominent in 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge'?
The poem features imagery, personification, and similes to vividly portray the city and its beauty.
Why is 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge' considered a Romantic poem?
It is considered Romantic because it emphasizes personal emotion, appreciation of nature and beauty, and the awe-inspiring power of the natural and urban environment.
