Historical Context of Enslavement in Korea
Korean history spans thousands of years, from ancient times through the modern era. During this extensive period, social hierarchies, wars, invasions, and political upheavals shaped the lives of countless individuals, some of whom were subjected to slavery or forced labor. The concept of slavery in Korea has evolved, influenced by indigenous practices, neighboring cultures, and changing political regimes.
Historically, Korea's social structures were deeply influenced by Confucian ideals, which emphasized hierarchy and filial piety. While outright slavery was not always prevalent in the way it was in other regions, various forms of servitude, bonded labor, and serfdom existed. These practices often involved groups who were marginalized or captured during conflicts.
Who Were Enslaved in Ancient and Medieval Korea?
1. War Captives and Prisoners of War
One of the primary sources of enslaved individuals in ancient Korea was war captives. During periods of warfare, especially in the Gojoseon, Three Kingdoms, and later Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, defeated enemies were often taken prisoner. These prisoners could be assimilated into the victorious society or enslaved.
- Practices in the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BCE – 668 CE):
During this time, warfare was frequent among Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Captured enemies, especially from rival kingdoms, were sometimes enslaved. The nature of their enslavement varied—some were integrated into the conquerors’ armies or households, while others were sold into slavery.
- Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392):
War captives, especially from conflicts with neighboring states like Khitan, Jurchen, and later Mongols, were often enslaved. The Goryeo court maintained a class of slaves called "nobi," which included war prisoners, convicts, and others who were bound to serve.
- Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897):
While the Joseon period emphasized Confucian ideals reducing slavery, war captives could still be enslaved or forced into service, especially in times of war or internal conflict.
2. The Nobi System and Bonded Labor
The nobi system was a form of hereditary servitude that lasted for centuries in Korea, particularly during the Joseon Dynasty. Nobi were not slaves in the strictest sense but occupied a semi-servile status under the law.
- Origins and Nature of Nobi:
Nobi were often born into slavery, and their status was hereditary. They served landowners or the state and could be bought, sold, or inherited. They performed various roles, including agricultural labor, domestic service, and manual work.
- Legal Status and Limitations:
Although nobi had certain rights and some degree of mobility, they were generally considered property of their masters. Over time, reforms aimed to diminish their status, but widespread servitude persisted into the 19th century.
3. Enslaved Women and Sexual Servitude
Women, especially those captured during wars or raids, sometimes faced sexual exploitation and forced labor.
- Korean Women as Enslaved Persons:
Women who were captured or enslaved could be forced into domestic service or, in some cases, sexual servitude. This was particularly prominent during wartime, such as during the invasions of the Japanese invasions (1592–1598) or conflicts with neighboring states.
- Corps of Court Ladies and Servants:
Certain women served in royal courts or noble households under conditions that could involve forced labor or limited personal freedom.
Enslavement During Japanese Occupation and External Influences
1. The Impact of the Japanese Invasions
The invasions of Korea by Japan in the late 16th century (Imjin War, 1592–1598) led to widespread suffering, including the enslavement of Koreans.
- Korean Prisoners and Refugees:
Many Koreans
Frequently Asked Questions
Who were the groups historically enslaved in Korea?
Historically, Korea saw the enslavement of various groups, including enslaved people during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, such as prisoners of war, convicts, and marginalized communities like slaves known as 'nobi'.
Did Koreans enslave foreigners or other ethnic groups?
Yes, during certain periods, Koreans enslaved foreign prisoners, particularly during times of war or conflict, but the majority of enslavement was within Korean society involving native populations.
When did slavery officially end in Korea?
Slavery was officially abolished in Korea during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the Joseon Dynasty ending its practice by the early 20th century under Japanese influence.
Were there any instances of Koreans enslaving their own people?
Yes, during the Joseon Dynasty, the 'nobi' class were considered slaves or serfs, bound to their land and masters, though their status gradually changed over time.
Did Korea participate in the transatlantic slave trade?
No, Korea was not a participant in the transatlantic slave trade; most enslavement occurred domestically within Korean society.
Are there any modern forms of slavery or human trafficking in Korea today?
While slavery is illegal, modern issues such as human trafficking and forced labor persist in Korea, prompting ongoing efforts to combat these practices.
How does Korea remember or address its history of slavery?
Korea acknowledges its history of slavery through academic research, memorials, and education, aiming to promote awareness and human rights.
Were there any notable figures or groups involved in enslaving others in Korean history?
Enslavement was often carried out by ruling classes, government officials, or war captors during conflicts, but specific individuals are less documented; it was a widespread societal practice rather than the actions of specific groups.
