Early Life and Background
Birth and Family Background
James Garfield was born on November 19, 1831, in a log cabin near Moreland Hills, Ohio. His parents, Abram Garfield and Eliza Ballou Garfield, were humble farmers of New England descent. Growing up in a rural environment, Garfield learned the value of hard work and self-discipline from an early age. His family faced financial hardships, which motivated him to pursue education vigorously.
Education and Early Career
Despite limited resources, Garfield showed a keen intellect and a love for learning. He attended local schools and later enrolled at Williams College in Massachusetts, where he excelled academically. After graduating in 1856, Garfield began his career as a teacher, working in various schools while studying law in his spare time. He was admitted to the Ohio Bar in 1859 and started practicing law in Ohio.
Military Service and Political Ascent
Role in the Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Garfield volunteered for the Union Army. He quickly rose through the ranks due to his leadership skills and dedication. Serving as a colonel, he commanded the 42nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry and participated in several key battles, including the Battle of Chickamauga and the Battle of Chickamauga. His bravery and strategic acumen earned him respect among his peers and superiors.
Transition to Politics
After the war, Garfield transitioned into politics, driven by his desire to serve his country at a national level. He was elected to the Ohio State Senate in 1863 and later served in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1863, representing Ohio’s 19th congressional district. His reputation as an eloquent speaker and a dedicated legislator grew, laying the groundwork for his future presidential bid.
Presidential Election of 1880
Campaign and Nomination
Garfield's political career reached its zenith when he ran as the Republican candidate in the 1880 presidential election. The Republican Party was divided between supporters of Ulysses S. Grant and other factions, but Garfield's reputation as a reform-minded and moderate candidate helped him secure the nomination. His campaign emphasized civil service reform, education, and economic growth.
Election Victory
In the election, James Garfield faced Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock. The campaign was highly contentious but ultimately resulted in Garfield's victory. He won with a narrow margin, securing the presidency with 214 electoral votes to Hancock’s 155. His election was seen as a mandate for reform and a shift toward a more merit-based civil service.
Presidency and Major Policies
Domestic Policies
Garfield’s presidency was marked by efforts to reform the federal civil service system, reducing corruption and patronage. He advocated for meritocracy, believing government jobs should be awarded based on ability rather than political connections. Garfield also supported educational initiatives and economic development, including tariffs to protect American industries.
Civil Service Reform
One of Garfield’s most significant contributions was his push for civil service reform. He aimed to dismantle the spoils system, which allowed political machines to reward supporters with government jobs. Although he faced resistance from entrenched interests, Garfield’s advocacy laid the foundation for future reforms, including the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act enacted after his death.
Foreign Policy and Other Initiatives
Garfield’s foreign policy was relatively cautious, focusing on maintaining peace and strengthening diplomatic relations. He also aimed to promote racial equality and improve conditions for Native Americans, though these efforts faced significant challenges.
Assassination and Death
The Shooting
Tragically, President James Garfield’s life was cut short by an assassin. On July 2, 1881, Charles J. Guiteau, a disgruntled office seeker, shot Garfield at a train station in Washington, D.C. The attack was motivated by Guiteau’s belief that he deserved a government job and his opposition to Garfield’s civil service policies.
Medical Treatment and Demise
Garfield was wounded in the back and shoulder but initially received medical attention that was, by modern standards, inadequate. The doctors repeatedly probed his wounds with unsterilized instruments, leading to infections. Despite medical efforts, Garfield’s condition worsened, and he died on September 19, 1881, after 80 days of suffering. His death marked one of the first high-profile assassinations of a U.S. president.
Legacy and Impact
Contributions to Civil Service Reform
Garfield’s advocacy for civil service reform was instrumental in shifting the U.S. government toward a merit-based system. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883, passed after his death, fundamentally changed how federal employees were hired, reducing corruption and patronage.
Historical Significance
Although his presidency was brief, Garfield’s emphasis on reform, education, and integrity left a lasting impression. He is remembered as a president who prioritized the nation’s moral and civic health over partisan politics.
Memorials and Honors
Garfield’s legacy is preserved in numerous memorials, including the James A. Garfield National Historic Site in Ohio. His tomb in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland remains a site of national importance. Additionally, his life has been the subject of biographies, documentaries, and historical studies that continue to highlight his contributions.
Personal Life and Character
Family and Personal Traits
Garfield was known for his intellectual curiosity, humility, and strong moral character. He married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and they had seven children, though only four survived to adulthood. His personal values and dedication to duty made him a respected figure among colleagues and constituents.
Religious Beliefs and Philosophy
A devout Christian, Garfield often spoke about the importance of faith and morality in public life. His religious principles influenced his approach to leadership and his commitment to justice and equality.
Conclusion
Who is James Garfield? He was a remarkable American leader whose brief presidency was marked by significant efforts to reform and improve the federal government. His dedication to civil service reform, education, and integrity continues to influence American politics today. Despite his tragic death at the hands of an assassin, Garfield’s legacy endures as a symbol of reform, service, and moral conviction. His life story remains an inspiring chapter in the history of the United States, reminding us of the enduring importance of integrity and dedication in leadership.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who was James Garfield?
James Garfield was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 1881 until his assassination later that year.
What is James Garfield known for?
He is known for his efforts to reform the civil service and for his tragic assassination, which led to his death and influenced presidential security measures.
When did James Garfield serve as President?
James Garfield served as President from March 4, 1881, until his assassination on September 19, 1881.
How did James Garfield die?
James Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau and died several months later from infections related to his gunshot wounds.
What was James Garfield's background before presidency?
Before becoming president, Garfield was a former Union Army general, a member of Congress, and a lawyer known for his intelligence and dedication to public service.
What were James Garfield's major accomplishments?
He was a strong advocate for civil service reform, education, and modernization of the military, and he worked to reduce corruption in government.
Where was James Garfield born?
James Garfield was born in Moreland Hills, Ohio, on November 19, 1831.
Why is James Garfield a significant historical figure?
He is significant for his brief presidency, efforts to reform government practices, and the impact of his assassination on presidential security policies.
